ANTICA GRECIA
Insieme alla tragedia la commedia fu la principale eredità culturale che Atene consegnò alla storia.
La commedia nacque dalle processioni e dai rituali legati alle feste di fertilità.
Feste durante le quali gli scherzi e il linguaggio osceno assumevano un preciso significato rituale, infatti lo scherno e la derisione tra i membri della comunità non erano espressione di allegria, ma comportamenti obbligati atti a favorire la fecondità della natura.
In seguito la commedia assunse forma teatrale e a partire dall’anno 486 a.C. fu rappresentata ad Atene durante i festival statali ( le feste Lenee in febbraio e le Dionisie alla fine di marzo).
La commedia antica fu una chiara espressione della democrazia ateniese, infatti trattava eventi di attualità riproposti in modo comico o deformato.
Sulle scene non comparivano eroi (come accadrà nell’età successiva), ma personaggi reali, uomini politici di cui veniva fatta la caricatura, privati cittadini derisi per i loro vizi, poeti e filosofi sbeffeggiati.
La commedia era anche uno strumento per controllare ed influenzare l’opinione pubblica.
Scriveva un anonimo:
”Gli ateniesi non permettono che si porti sulla scena comica il popolo o che se ne parli male perché non vogliono apparire in una luce negativa. Ma apprezzano e richiedono che si rivolgano attacchi personali contro privati cittadini, ben sapendo che chi viene deriso dai comici non è uno del popolo o della massa, ma un ricco o un nobile o un cittadino influente”.
Aristofane, il massimo esponente della commedia antica, esordì sulla scena deridendo ferocemente Cleone, uomo forte della democrazia, tanto da esserne querelato.
Tuttavia continuò a bersagliarlo anche in seguito.
Nella commedia “I Cavalieri” immagina che il potere sia conteso tra due infami personaggi, un conciapelli (Cleone) e un venditore di salsicce e rivolgendosi al pubblico dice:
”Perché è da gente così che volete essere governati”.
Ancora più paradossali sono le commedie: Lisistrata e Le donne all’assemblea.
Nella prima descrive una sorta di sciopero sessuale attuato dalle ateniesi e dalla spartane per costringere i loro uomini a firmare un trattato di pace.
Nella seconda, invece, le donne ateniesi, di fronte all’incapacità maschile, decidono di attuare un colpo di stato fondando una città ideale in cui non esiste famiglia, né proprietà privata.
La commedia, dunque, rispecchiava sia pur deformandola, la politica ateniese e i grandi eventi proprio negli anni della sua massima espansione.
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