STORIE DAL MONDO

John Cleves Symmens, nacque nel 1780 e pur avendo un notevole interesse per le scienze naturali all’età di ventidue anni si arruolò come alfiere nell’esercito americano.
Dopo aver combattuto contro gli inglesi nella guerra del 1812, nel 1816 lasciò l’esercito aprendo una stazione commerciale a St. Louis, dove si dedicò alle scienze naturali.
Symmens era affascinato dalle varie congetture sulla formazione della Terra.
Iniziò a sviluppare una sua teoria che divulgò in maniera a dir poco spettacolare spedendo lettere a politici, periodici, circoli culturali e capi di stato:
”Io dichiaro che la Terra è vuota e internamente abitabile e che contiene numerose sfere solide concentriche. Che è aperta ai poli di 12 o 16 gradi. Io impegno la mia vita a sostegno di questa verità e sono disposto ad esplorare la cavità, se il mondo mi aiuterà nell’impresa”.
Ma non si fermò qui.
Assicurò i lettori che in una prossima pubblicazione avrebbe fornito ulteriori informazioni e per scacciare ogni dubbio sulla sua sanità mentale allegò un certificato firmato da medici e uomini d’affari.
Di chi e di cosa aveva bisogno Symmens?
”Cento compagni coraggiosi, ben equipaggiati, per partire alla volta della Siberia, non appena giunto l’autunno con renne e slitte. Mi impegno a trovare una terra calda e ricca, fornita di vegetazione rigogliosa e di animali, se non di uomini, quando raggiungeremo 1° in direzione nord di latitudine 82. Faremo ritorno nella primavera successiva “.
Invece di plausi, ricevette sberleffi e risa dai lettori e derisioni dai giornali e dalle riviste scientifiche di tutto il mondo.
L’inarrestabile Symmens non si fece fermare da tutto ciò, Lanciò una campagna stampa con articoli e lettere aperte, tenendo conferenze negli Stati Uniti. Instancabile ripeteva la sua teoria, sostenendo che una massa di materia rotante, amorfa (come un tempo lo era stata la Terra) non poteva essersi trasformata in una sfera solida, la forza centrifuga allontana la materia dall’asse di rotazione, mentre la forza di gravità la spinge verso l’interno. “Quindi, sosteneva, quando le forze si bilanciano ne risulta una fascia di materia più densa esternamente e l’asse aperto.”
Secondo questo principio, i materiali di cui era composta la terra formavano sfere concentriche vuote aperte ai poli, grandi folle ascoltavano le sue parole che suscitavano però solo curiosità o divertimento.
Qualcuno che credeva in lui c’era.
J. Reynolds, direttore di un giornale dell’Ohio, che cominciò a sostenere le teorie di Symmens e il ricco J. McBride. Fu quest’ultimo a chiedere ad un senatore di presentare una petizione al Congresso per ottenere i finanziamenti per la spedizione. Scrisse quindi un libro riassumendo in modo più conciso e logico la teoria delle sfere concentriche detta anche del Buco di Symmens.
Gli sforzi, la tensione accumulata negli anni avevano seriamente minato la salute di Symmens che morì nel 1829 senza poter vedere l’inizio dell’organizzazione della spedizione. Non ebbe fama con la sua teoria, ma con un romanzo Symzonia, pubblicato nel 1820 con lo pseudonimo di Adam Seaborn, in cui raccontava di un viaggio all’interno della Terra. Dopo la sua morte la sua idea di una Terra vuota fu quasi dimenticata, ma non la spedizione polare che Symmens aveva a lungo richiesto.
Nel frattempo Reynolds si unì ad una spedizione che intendeva esplorare i mari del Sud. Al suo ritorno scrisse un racconto Mocha Dick, or The White Whale of the Pacific, che potrebbe aver ispirato Melville nel suo capolavoro Moby Dick pubblicato dodici anni dopo.
Finalmente nel 1838 le navi salparono per la spedizione, ma senza Reynolds. Tanto aveva criticato aspramente il ministro della marina per i ritardi che gli fu impedito di prenderne parte. La spedizione, che prese il nome del comandante, il tenente di vascello C. Wilkes, durò quattro anni e fece importanti scoperte, ma non quelle per la quali Symmens aveva lottato e sperato per tutta la vita.
[…] Teoria della terra cavaLa teoria della terra cava. Secondo Symmens la terra è vuota e internamente abitabile e contiene numerose sfere solide concentricheTitanicConsiderata la “nave più sicura del mondo”, tanto da essere battezzata Titanic, in onore delle potentissime divinità greche, affondò durante la prima traversata.Tratta degli schiaviIntorno al 1650 olandesi, inglesi e francesi svilupparono ampie piantagioni nelle Americhe e visto che le popolazioni indigene americane erano piuttosto scarse e andavano sempre più assottigliandosi colpite da epidemie trasmesse dagli europei, pensarono di usare per il lavoro i nativi africani. […]
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