PREISTORIA

Ephraim Squier, diplomatico e antropologo americano nel 1860 in Perù fece una sensazionale scoperta.
A caccia di reperti fossili dissotterrò il cranio di un uomo dell’Età della pietra.
La particolarità di questo cranio erano due sottili incisioni parallele che ne intersecavano altre due andando a formare un rettangolo.
Si trattava di una trapanazione fatta con l’intento di raggiungere il cervello.
Immediatamente Squier inviò il reperto a Paul Broca, il maggior esperto di antropologia, il quale confermò che si trattava di una trapanazione cranica fatta quando l’uomo era ancora vivo.
Negli anni seguenti gli esami fatti su crani dell’era paleolitica, ritrovati in Europa, confermarono che tale pratica era diffusa non solo nelle Americhe. Durante l’Età della pietra, del bronzo e del ferro, anche nella Russia occidentale e nella costa atlantica.In Palestina, nel 1936, furono ritrovati due crani con le stesse incisioni trasversali riscontrate sul teschio rinvenuto in Perù da Squier.
Gli interventi non erano praticati solo su guerrieri con ferite alla testa, con lo scopo di estrarre eventuali schegge ossee dal cervello, ma anche su donne, bambini e anziani.
Ovviamente non erano conosciute le funzioni cerebrali, perciò questi antichi chirurghi ricorrevano a soluzioni drastiche, ritenendo che molti malesseri fossero dovuti agli spiriti maligni che bisognava far uscire trapanando, in modo che potessero entrare quelli benevoli.
Incredibile era il risultato positivo di queste trapanazioni.
Oltre l’ottanta per cento di crani rinvenuti in Polonia e in Cecoslovacchia mostravano segni di guarigione.
Come potevano praticare incisioni così perfette avendo a disposizione solo rozzi strumenti di pietra? Sembra che il metodo più usato consistesse nel raschiare ripetutamente lungo una stesa linea con una sottile scheggia.
Nell’Età del bronzo e nell’Età del ferro, queste operazioni solitamente venivano praticate per superstizione.
Le trapanazioni erano effettuate su persone morte per prelevare dei dischetti ossei, che levigati, venivano poi usati come amuleti.
La cultura sociale nel Paleolitico
Alcune “tecnologie” di base erano conosciute dall’uomo nel Paleolitico: l’accensione del fuoco, la cottura degli alimenti, la fabbricazione di attrezzi come asce, coltelli, archi, arpioni e spille.
Dagli ominidi all’Homo sapiens sapiens
I Primati furono i primi, tra i tanti mammiferi presenti sulla terra, che si adattarono meglio alle mutate condizioni climatiche
Chirurgia cranica
Ephraim Squier nel 1860 in Perù fece una sensazionale scoperta, a caccia di reperti fossili, dissotterrò il cranio di un uomo dell’Età della pietra
Culto della divinità femminile nell’età neolitica
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