La battaglia di Ramses II contro gli Ittiti
Di ritorno dalla campagna militare, Ramses ne fece scolpire le scene sui muri del Ramesseo (a Tebe Ovest), ad Abu Simbel, a Karnak e a Luxor.
Immense rappresentazioni raffigurano i guerrieri, l’accampamento egiziano, lo scontro, gli avversari fatti schiavi e soprattutto Ramses, mentre da solo mette in fuga il nemico.
Della battaglia abbiamo anche due resoconti, il più importante dei quali, il Poema di Pentaur accompagna le scene narrate nei templi.
La cronaca secondo gli egizi
1275 avanti Cristo,fine del mese di aprile.
Il faraone Ramses II, marcia verso la valle del fiume Oronte per conquistare la città di Qadesh, una delle principali roccaforti ittite in Siria. E’ alla testa di ventimila uomini e duecento carri, divisi in quattro armate che hanno nome divini: Amon, Ptah, Ra e Seth.
Il motivo del contendere sono i territori della Siria del Nord.
L’avversario è il sovrano Muwatallish,a capo di una coalizione che conta diecimila soldati di fanteria e oltre tremilacinquecento carri da guerra.
Nei pressi del fiume Oronte, le guardie del faraone catturano due uomini che dicono di essere disertori dell’esercito ittita e di avere informazioni utili per gli Egizi.
Portati al cospetto di Ramses gli “confessano” che Muwatallish e i suoi soldati sono molto lontani, e che il faraone non avrebbe corso alcun rischio ad attaccare.
Certo ormai che la conquista di Qadesh sarebbe stata semplicissima, Ramses parte senza aspettare il resto dell’esercito. Alla testa della sola armata Amon si dirige verso la piana antistante Qadesh, dove fa accampare gli uomini.
Solo quando le sue guardie catturano due nemici in avanscoperta, si rende conto di essere caduto in un tranello.
Ma è troppo tardi.
L’esercito ittita, nascosto dietro la città fortificata attacca improvvisamente.
Presa alla sprovvista, la fanteria del faraone fugge e solo Ramses, alla testa delle sue fedeli guardie del corpo, cerca di arginare l’avanzata degli Ittiti.
“C’è riuscito grazie a due fortunati”imprevisti”: innanzitutto la furia ittita che comincia a scemare. Conquistato l’accampamento egizio gli Ittiti preferiscono lanciarsi al saccheggio di ciò che i nemici hanno lasciato nella fuga piuttosto che restare concentrati in difesa.
Il “colpo di grazia” è l’arrivo di un contingente che da man forte al faraone e alle guardie. A questo punto le sorti del combattimento si capovolgono e da una facile vittoria, gli Ittiti si ritrovano in difficoltà.
Al tramonto si sospendono le ostilità, ma durante la notte altri reggimenti egizi raggiungono il faraone. Il mattino dopo, una serie di valorose cariche dell’esercito egizio costringe il re ittita a chiedere un armistizio.
E’ probabile però che le cose siano andate un po’ diversamente
Muwatallish perde molti dei suoi carri (più numerosi ma più pesanti e difficili da manovrare dei leggeri carri egizi da guerra), ma mantiene intatta la fanteria che non viene lanciata nella mischia.
A Ramses,invece, l’attacco a sorpresa delle truppe ittite costa l’annientamento di almeno uno dei suoi quattro reggimenti.
Il risultato è stato quindi un pareggio, che costringe Ramses a rinunciare alla conquista di Qadesh. Tuttavia la sua abilità propagandistica riesce a trasformare una disfatta nell’ impresa eroica di un grande condottiero.
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