Niente grano per il pane?
Niente orzo per la birra?
E allora niente lavoro !
Per anni i Faraoni dell’Antico Egitto furono sepolti nella Valle dei Re, le grandi tombe sotterranee erano scavate nella dura roccia da squadre specializzate.
Questi uomini, successivamente, furono descritti come schiavi dall’esistenza miserabile, vittime di brutali condizioni di sfruttamento.
Ma era tutto vero?
I Faraoni erano così crudeli e spietati?
Secondo alcune iscrizioni ritrovate nelle tombe, un gruppo di questi uomini, operai e non schiavi, organizzò il primo sciopero della storia.
Quando il faraone Thutmose I decise, per porsi al riparo dei violatori di tombe, di farsi costruire una tomba sotterranea nella zona chiamata poi Valle dei Re, i suoi successori ne seguirono l’esempio per tutto il periodo delle prime tre dinastie del Nuovo Regno.
L’impresa è ardua.
Bisogna scavare nella nuda roccia, creare passaggi, aperture segrete e finte stanze. Tutto ciò viene affidato ad una sorta di corporazione artigianale, incaricata anche delle decorazioni delle pareti interne delle tombe.
Gli artigiani alloggiavano in un villaggio creato appositamente in un arido tratto del deserto noto come il “Luogo della verità”: Deir el-Medina.
Gli uomini, organizzati in due squadre dirette da un caposquadra, lavoravano otto ore al giorno per otto giorni consecutivi. Il nono e il decimo giorno spettava loro di riposo e potevano tornare dalle famiglie.
Non lavoravano neppure in occasione delle grandi feste celebrative in onore degli dei.
Il salario era pagato mensilmente in natura, grano per il pane e orzo per la birra, il tutto proveniva dalle proprietà reali.
Ad ogni squadra erano assegnate alcune schiave per preparare la farina, alcuni lavandai erano addetti al bucato e ai vasai era affidato il compito di rifare i vasi che venivano rotti durante il lavoro. Gli operai ricevevano, inoltre, razioni di pesce e verdura, legna da ardere e olio per il corpo, necessario per poter lavorare nel caldo e tra la polvere.
Lo stesso faraone in persona, di tanto in tanto, premiava i suoi operai con merce pregiata come carne, vino, sale e birra asiatica.
Isolati, nell’impossibilità di poter coltivare orti, gli abitanti del villaggio potevano contare solo sulla puntualità dei rifornimenti che, generalmente, giungevano il ventottesimo giorno del mese.
Capitò, tuttavia, che durante il regno di Ramses III, i rifornimenti non arrivarono per diverse settimane.
Gli operai lasciarono i loro strumenti di lavoro e si recarono al grande tempio funerario di Ramses II. Sedettero disciplinatamente, rifiutando di tornare al lavoro se prima il faraone non fosse stato informato della loro situazione.
Uno scriba, udite le loro ragioni, ordinò che venissero consegnate agli uomini le scorte di grano assegnate proprio agli scribi, una quantità sufficiente per un mese.
Altri scioperi furono organizzati nei mesi successivi per poter ottenere anche gli arretrati.
Per quanto ci è dato sapere, nessuno fu punito per aver osato dettare condizioni al faraone e stando a queste testimonianze sembra che i faraoni siano ben lontani dai despoti spietati a volte descritti
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