TRA STORIA E MITO

Storia degli Stati

CILE

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Feb 13, 2020 , , , ,

STORIA DEGLI STATI

Cile

Repubblica del Cile
Lingue ufficiali Spagnolo
Altre lingue apudungun a livello locale
Capitale Santiago del Cile
Superficie Totale 755.838,7
Continente America meridionale
Confini Perù, Bolivia, Argentina
Valuta peso cileno
Prefisso tel.+56
Sigla autom. RCH
Inno nazionale Himno Nacional
Festa nazionale 18 settembre

Cile

Il Cile precolombiano era abitato da diverse civiltà, molte delle quali politicamente sottomesse agli Incas.

Tra i gruppi indigeni vi erano gli Aymara delle zone desertiche del nord. I pescatori che abitavano le zone costiere, i Diaguita stanziati nell’entroterra montuoso. Gli Araucani del centro e del sud, pescatori e agricoltori i cui insediamenti furono a malapena toccati dalle incursioni degli Incas. Infine, numerosi gruppi di cacciatori e pescatori degli arcipelaghi del remoto sud.

Nel 1494 il trattato sottoscritto da Portogallo e Spagna assegnò a quest’ultima tutti i territori a est del Brasile.

Gli spagnoli affidarono il compito di conquistare il Cile a Pedro de Valdivia, la cui spedizione raggiunse la fertile Valle del Mapocho nel 1541.

Santiago fu fondata lo stesso anno, e di lì a poco sarebbero sorte le città di La Serena, Valparaíso, Concepción, Valdivia e Villarrica.

Fu la struttura sociale delle vaste proprietà terriere a plasmare l’economia del Cile coloniale.

La popolazione indigena era stata quasi annientata a causa delle malattie infettive involontariamente introdotte dagli spagnoli. Quindi furono i mestizo, meticci nati dalle unioni tra spagnoli e indios, a essere impiegati come fittavoli in questi smisurati possedimenti, molti dei quali erano ancora intatti negli anni ’60.

All’inizio del XIX secolo le imposizioni fiscale con le quali la Spagna spremeva i propri domini, fece nascere un movimento indipendentista.

Simón Bolívar e José de San Martín guidarono le armate di combattenti per la libertà dal Venezuela al Perú, dall’Argentina al Cile. Quest’ultimo, nel 1818, divenne una repubblica indipendente. Bernardo O’Higgins, in precedenza viceré del Perú, fu posto alla guida della neonata repubblica cilena.

Al momento dell’indipendenza, il Cile occupava solo una parte dello stato attuale.

Comprendeva Santiago e Concepción e i suoi confini con la Bolivia e l’Argentina non erano ancora ben definiti. L’avvento della ferrovia e i trionfi militari sul Perù e la Bolivia nella guerra del Pacifico (1879-1883) consentirono al Cile di conquistare a nord il deserto dell’Atacama e i territori del sud.

Il paese raggiunse rapidamente un certo livello di stabilità politica e di democrazia. La classe operaia, che aveva raggiunto ormai una certa influenza, e quella dei nuovi ricchi sfidarono a questo punto il potere politico dell’oligarchia terriera.

I contrasti sfociarono, intorno al 1890, in una breve ma sanguinosa guerra civile.

Negli anni ’60 i democratici cristiani riuscirono ad avviare con successo una politica di riforme. Questa politica si poneva come obiettivo il miglioramento del sistema sanitario, di quello scolastico, dei servizi sociali e la soluzione del problema della casa. Le iniziative, però, mettevano a repentaglio i privilegi dell’élite conservatrice ed erano malviste dalla sinistra più oltranzista.

La politica cilena stava diventando sempre più legata alle ideologie quando, nel 1970, la coalizione di sinistra di Salvador Allende vinse le elezioni.

Allende introdusse radicali riforme economiche, che prevedevano la statalizzazione di molte imprese private e una drastica ridistribuzione del reddito. Presto il paese precipitò nel caos economico, mentre cresceva l’ostilità degli Stati Uniti per l’espropriazione delle miniere di rame da essi controllate e anche per gli evidenti rapporti di amicizia che legavano il Cile a Castro.

L’11 settembre del 1973, con un sanguinoso colpo di stato, il generale Pinochet s’impadronì del potere impiegando i jet dell’aeronautica militare per bombardare il palazzo presidenziale.

Allende morì togliendosi la vita e migliaia dei suoi sostenitori furono uccisi. Seguirono giorni cupi, durante i quali gli assassini, le epurazioni e gli esili imposti divennero d’ordinaria amministrazione.

Si calcola che ben 80.000 persone furono torturate o uccise.

Pinochet, a capo di una giunta militare composta da quattro uomini, sciolse il congresso, mise al bando i partiti di sinistra e impedì ogni attività politica. Nel 1988 uscì sconfitto dal referendum, da lui stesso indetto con l’intento di prolungare la sua presidenza.

Nelle elezioni pluripartitiche che si tennero l’anno seguente il democratico cristiano Patricio Aylwin batté Hernan Buchi, il protetto di Pinochet, ma questa volta il passaggio del potere avvenne pacificamente.

In Cile tornò la democrazia, sebbene molte delle figure di spicco del regime militare continuassero a esercitare la loro influenza.

Quando il mandato di Aylwin terminò, i cileni elessero Eduardo Frei, che si assunse il gravoso impegno di riconciliare i cittadini con il loro travagliato passato

Sollecitò i tribunali per i diritti dell’uomo e le indagini sul destino delle migliaia di persone scomparse durante la dittatura. Purtroppo, la resistenza opposta dal braccio politico della macchina militare ostacolò i suoi sforzi.

Frei lottò per una riforma costituzionale, senza tuttavia riuscire a rimuovere dall’incarico otto ‘senatori istituzionali nominati da Pinochet.

Le riforme economiche avviate da Frei hanno comunque alleviato in qualche misura l’estrema povertà della nazione.

Il nuovo presidente, Ricardo Lagos, in passato ministro dei lavori pubblici di Frei, è il primo socialista a occupare la carica più alta nel paese dai tempi di Allende.

Pinochet
Un oscuro ufficiale, responsabile di una delle dittature più sanguinose.

Di wp_749860

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