ROMA ANTICA

Eliogabalo
Eliogabalo
Nella sua storia Roma ha avuto la fortuna di essere stata guidata da molti grandi imperatori, uomini saggi, eroici, acculturati e di cervello fine.

Imperatori come Augusto, Traiano, Marc’Aurelio, Adriano, Costantino, Vespasiano e altri hanno contribuito alla grandezza della Roma imperiale.

Grazie alle loro opere Roma raggiunse vertici di potenza militare, di civiltà e di cultura che non verranno più raggiunti per molti secoli dopo la sua caduta.

Purtroppo per Roma non tutti i suoi imperatori furono grandi, e neanche solo decenti. Alla porpora imperiale giunsero anche soggetti pessimi, passati alla storia quasi esclusivamente per i loro vizi, le loro depravazioni e le loro stravaganze.

Uno di essi, in modo particolare, segnò il livello più basso che l’autorità imperiale raggiunse nella storia di Roma.

Perfino i romani, abituati alle stravaganze dei loro imperatori, rimasero disgustati dal suo comportamento a tal punto da cancellare qualsiasi riferimento alla sua persona dopo la sua tragica morte accolta con grande giubilo da tutta la popolazione.

Il suo nome era: Eliogabalo.

Vario Avito Bassiano, questo era il suo vero nome, nacque ad Emesa in Siria agli inizi del terzo secolo d.C. Suo padre era Sesto Vario Marcello, siriano, fatto senatore dall’Imperatore Caracalla. Sua madre, Giulia Soemia, era nipote della moglie dell’Imperatore Settimio Severo.

Fin da piccolo Bassiano frequentò le corti imperiali: prima con Settimio Severo e poi con Caracalla.

Alla morte di quest’ultimo, imperatore piuttosto controverso e, secondo alcuni, anche mentalmente malato, salì al potere l’imbarazzante Macrino che, con decisioni molto discutibili, si inimicò subito l’esercito.

Madre di Giulia Soemia era Giulia Mesa, donna assetata di potere e molto astuta. Queste due donne furono le vere protagoniste di questi anni di inizio secolo. Usarono il disgraziato Eliogabalo come un fantoccio da manovrare al fine di potersi assicurare ricchezza e potere. Ma andiamo con ordine.

Macrino, come si è visto, cadde presto in disgrazia e le due donne presero la palla al balzo e cercarono di far imporre Bassiano come nuovo imperatore. La madre, Giulia Soemia, fece credere a tutti che il ragazzo, non era il cugino di Caracalla, ma bensì il figlio ed ebbe gioco facile visto che la figura di Caracalla era ancora popolare fra i legionari.

L’esercito quindi fu ben felice di scaricare Macrino e di acclamare Eliogabalo come Imperatore dei romani.

Eliogabalo aveva solo 14 anni quando salì sul trono imperiale. Gli fu dato come nome quello di Marco Aurelio Antonino, ma da tutti era chiamato Eliogabalo dal nome del dio Sole (El Gabal) di cui era un sacerdote devoto fino al fanatismo.

La madre e la nonna vennero associate al governo e videro così coronare la loro sete di potere. Macrino, dal canto suo, morì nel tentativo di reprimere una rivolta dei militari.

Il 16 Maggio dell’anno 218 Eliogabalo divenne imperatore.

Era un ragazzo innamorato dell’oriente e del culto del dio Sole di cui, come abbiamo visto, era il sommo sacerdote. Crebbe nel lusso delle corti imperiali e perse, nel giro di poco tempo, il padre, il nonno e il cugino Caracalla rimanendo così in balia delle trame della madre Giulia Soemia e della nonna Giulia Mesa.

Amava vestirsi all’orientale con grande sfoggio di vestiti di seta e odiava il modo di vestire romano e greco. Al momento dell’incoronazione, subito confermata dal Senato, il ragazzo si trovava in Siria ad Emesa. Il suo regno si contraddistinse subito per la ferocia con la quale eliminò i seguaci di Macrino.

Famoso fu il corteo con il quale entrò a Roma e che lasciò sbigottiti i romani.

L’imperatore, ricordiamolo, di soli 14 anni, era conciato come una divinità preceduta da una schiera di effeminati ragazzini siriani a cui arrivò anche ad affidare compiti di governo. Al corteo erano anche aggregati i sacerdoti del dio Sole e una serie di funzionari dalle fogge più strane.

Oltre a tutto questo, il corteo accompagnò l’arrivo a Roma della Pietra Nera, l’oggetto più sacro del culto del dio El Gabal. Era chiaro a tutti che Eliogabalo voleva introdurre a Roma questo culto e alcuni temevano addirittura che volesse imporla come religione ufficiale dello Stato Romano.

Per poter contenere questa pietra (si pensa fosse un meteorite) fece costruire un grande tempio sul Palatino: l’Eliogabalum.

Appena arrivato a Roma licenziò i vecchi funzionari dello Stato e nominò al loro posto persone originarie della Siria a completo digiuno di qualsiasi nozione riguardante le gestione della cosa pubblica. Spesso queste persone erano addirittura ragazzini ancora più giovani dell’Imperatore.

Era chiaro che Eliogabalo era più attento alle sua mansioni di sacerdote di El Gabal, piuttosto che alla conduzione dello Stato, compito che lasciava volentieri a sua nonna Giulia Mesa la quale aveva il compito, tra gli altri, di convocare le sedute del Senato.

Si dedicò quindi al culto del dio solare. Era questa una religione orientale particolarmente cruenta e i riti che Eliogabalo teneva rispecchiavano questa caratteristica. Si parlava di orge, di sacrifici animali e, addirittura, umani. Persino il popolo di Roma, avezzo a vedere religioni più o meno eccentriche provenienti dalle varie parti dell’Impero, rimase inorridito da questa religione e non le parve vero che addirittura l’Imperatore ne fosse il massimo sacerdote.

Giulia Mesa, resasi conto che i rapporti tra il nipote e il popolo romano da subito non erano dei migliori, decise di organizzare un matrimonio, nell’estate del 219, di Eliogabalo con Giulia Cornelia Paola di nobili origini.

Questo matrimonio non diede i frutti sperati e quindi Eliogabalo presto la ripudiò.

L’anno successivo fece scandalo la sua unione con la vestale Giulia Aquilia Severa. Lo scandalo derivava dal fatto che le vestali erano ritenute sacre e dovevano rimanere vergini pena la condanna a morte. Con questa unione Eliogabalo voleva simbolizzare l’ unione tra le due religioni. Lui, che si credeva l’incarnazione di El Gabal, sposava una sacerdotessa di Vesta.

Neanche Severa riuscì ad avere un erede e quindi l’anno successivo il matrimonio sacrilego naufragò. Eliogabalo ebbe altre due mogli: Anna Faustina, discendente di Marc’Aurelio, e di nuovo Aquilia Severa, ma entrambi durarono molto poco.

Si vociferava volentieri della sua omosessualità e addirittura sembra che avesse “sposato” lo schiavo Ierocle. Le sue abitudini sessuali erano fonte di continui scandali.

Si sa che amava vestirsi da donna con indumenti di seta e il volto pesantemente truccato. Arrivò persino a promettere ingenti somme di denaro ai suoi medici se avessero trovato il modo di fargli cambiare sesso.

Era un grande frequentatore di taverne e bordelli dove spesso si prostituiva lui stesso.

Non sappiamo con certezza se tutto questo è veramente successo. Le notizie ci provengono dagli storici del tempo che, avendo in grande antipatia il personaggio, possono aver calcato un po’ troppo la mano sugli aspetti più negativi del personaggio.

Eliogabalo ormai aveva toccato il fondo e ci si aspettava da un momento all’altro una sollevazione militare o di popolo. La vita stessa dell’Imperatore era in pericolo. Giulia Mesa se ne accorse e decise di preparare la successione e la scelta ricadde su un altro altro suo nipote, anche lui ragazzino: Alessandro Severo.

Con la scusa che aveva bisogno di qualcuno che si occupasse di cose più terrene, per non distoglierlo dalla sua attività di sacerdote del dio Sole, convinse Eliogabalo ad adottare Alessandro e quindi di designarlo come suo successore.

All’inizio Eliogabalo accettò di buon grado il consiglio della nonna, ma poi, accortosi che in pratica stava per essere scaricato, cercò di far assassinare il giovane erede.

Ormai c’era poco da fare e non rimaneva che sbarazzarsi di un imperatore ormai troppo impopolare.

Era l’anno 222 d.C. quando, durante, una ispezione militare, Eliogabalo e sua madre vennero assassinati dei militari. I loro corpi vennero decapitati e gettati nel Tevere come segno di sommo disprezzo. Nessuno pianse la morte di Eliogabalo tranne forse i ragazzini che si era portato dietro dall’oriente e che vennero presi uno ad uno e orribilmente assassinati.

Artefice di questo assassinio non poteva essere che Giulia Mesa che non si fece molti scrupoli a far assassinare sua figlia e suo nipote pur di poter continuare a tessere le trame di potere.

Negli anni e nei secoli successivi Roma cercò di cancellare il nome di Eliogabalo dai suoi monumenti e dai suoi ricordi. La famosa Pietre Nera venne rispedita in Siria.

Eliogabalo regnò solo quattro anni e la sua presenza nella storia non venne associata a nessuna impresa bellica o alla emanazione di qualche legge. Dai posteri venne ricordato esclusivamente per le sue follie religiose e per le sue depravazioni.

Uno dei peggiori imperatori che Roma antica abbia mai avuto.

Cristiano Suriani

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