ASSIRISTORIA DEI POPOLI

La fama di feroci dominatori che avevano conquistato gli Assiri, non conosce rivali nella storia.

I terribili eserciti degli assiri
Una reputazione che oltre ad avere radici bibliche troviamo scritta nei loro stessi documenti.

Quando i re Assiri conquistavano un paese, erigevano una stele trionfale, su cui incidevano con rilievi e scritte le loro sanguinose vittorie. Queste steli servivano a rammentare al popolo sottomesso cosa sarebbe successo a chi intendesse ribellarsi. Inoltre accrescevano la loro fama di dominatori crudeli. Fama di cui andavano fieri. Il re Assurnasipal II, che governò dall’883 all’859 A.C., scrisse

”Ho eretto una colonna davanti alla porta della città e ho scorticato tutti i capi che si erano ribellati. Ho ricoperto poi la colonna con le loro pelli. Alcuni li ho murati dentro la colonna, altri li ho impalati su bastoni posti in cima alla colonna, e altri li ho legati a pali piantati tutto intorno. Ho fatto una colonna di vivi e una di teste mozzate, poi ho legato le teste ai tronchi degli alberi che circondavano la città. Ho bruciato nel fuoco i loro giovani e le loro vergini”.

Su trentacinque anni di regno Salmanasar III (858 – 824 a. C.) combatté per ben trentun anni e così si vantava:

” Ho massacrato, ho devastato, ho bruciato … ho distrutto duecentocinquanta città … ho lasciato dietro di me il dolore”. Ammettendo che ci fosse un po’ di esagerazione, simili racconti erano strategie di battaglia e in un’epoca in cui la crudeltà era praticata normalmente gli Assiri si vantavano di essere i più crudeli.

La capitale degli Assiri era Assun sulla riva occidentale del fiume Tigri.

La posizione strategica di dominio sulla Mesopotamia e le scarse risorse naturali, li portarono a scontrarsi con le tribù confinanti per il controllo delle vie commerciali e per il possesso di quello che restava dell’impero babilonese, ora in declino. La massima estensione dell’impero assiro fu nel 671 a.C., quando con il suo potente esercito invase e occupò la Siria e l’Egitto fino a Menfi.

Fin dalla più tenera età i re Assiri venivano addestrati a combattere e ad ostentare la loro virilità.

Dovevano allo stesso tempo diventare buoni amministratori e capaci guerrieri. Gli stati vicini erano considerati terreno di caccia e gli Assiri si arricchivano con i bottini dei saccheggi. I capi delle varie tribù del Medio Oriente all’approssimarsi del potente esercito, si affrettavano a pagare un tributo e a giurare eterna fedeltà al re. In questo modo non avevano più nulla da temere, ma guai se non rispettavano i patti, la vendetta sarebbe stata terribile.

Siamo certi che gli Assiri fossero solo dei barbari assetati di sangue desiderosi di saccheggiare e uccidere in nome del loro dio Assur?

Proviamo ad esaminare la loro società che era molto ben organizzata. Un sistema di tributi in uomini e in denaro manteneva l’impero ricco e stabile. Gli amministratori erano scelti personalmente dal re, ed erano molto competenti. Magnifiche città furono costruite dagli Assiri: Ninive, che ospitava una biblioteca di oltre ventimila tavolette in cuneiforme. Esempi della loro arte raffinata si sono trovati a Kharsabad e Kalah. In alcuni rilievi è espressa con toccante commozione l’agonia di animali morenti.

I figli di Assur erano insuperabili nel costruire acquedotti e cercare nuovi metodi di fusione dei metalli.

Per chi trasgrediva la legge la vita nelle città assire non era piacevole:
”Se un uomo trova un altro uomo con sua moglie e lo accusa, avendone le prove, i due amanti saranno messi a morte”.
”Se una donna da rifugio ad una moglie che fugge dal marito, devono essere sottoposte al taglio delle orecchie”.

A parte le punizioni previste dalla legge un uomo poteva picchiare sua moglie, strapparle i capelli, spaccarle e ferirle le orecchie. Un criminale condannato veniva scorticato, accecato, incatenato, ridotto in schiavitù o gettato nelle prigioni.

Non si sa se queste leggi venissero applicate alla lettera in quanto alcuni documenti assiri accennano a multe in argento.

Nella maggior parte dei casi i colpevoli non erano rinchiusi in prigione, ma venivano destinati alla schiavitù. Questa era la società assira basata sul principio della forza e del terrore. Tuttavia non sarebbe giusto sottovalutare l’importanza dell’Impero Assiro che sopravvisse per trecento anni, fino a quando fu sopraffatto dal popolo dei Medi e dei Persiani.

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