MITOLOGIA MESOPOTAMICA
Il poema “La discesa di Inanna agli Inferi” è sicuramente uno dei più bei miti mesopotamici, sia per i risvolti simbolici, sia per quelli psicologici. Arrivato sino a noi grazie al ritrovamento delle tavolette su cui era scritto, rinvenute durante alcuni scavi archeologici eseguiti tra il 1889 e il 1900 sulle rovine della città di Napur.
Per capire l’importanza di questo poema, prima dobbiamo conoscere meglio la “Dea di ogni cosa”, Inanna, del suo quasi-sposo Dumuzi e della sorella Ereshkigal.
Inanna è la dea sumera della fecondità della terra. Nelle raffigurazioni preistoriche la possiamo vedere con fianchi prominenti e seni prosperosi. Appartenente al clan degli Dei Enliliti, nipote del dio dell’aria Enlil, stava per sposare Damuzi del clan rivale cui apparteneva Enki padre di Dumuzi, tentando così, con una riappacificazione tra gli dei. Il fratello di Damuzi, timoroso di poter perdere il proprio potere, spaventò il futuro sposo così tanto che scappando nella sua fuga disperata cadde da una rupe sfracellandosi.
Avvenne così la trasformazione della dea, che furente scatenò una lotta fra gli dei, diventando guerriera e seduttrice di uomini.
Gilgamesh, rifiutò le sue avance, ricordandole che nessun uomo era mai rimasto vivo dopo una notte di passione con lei. Ereshkigal, la “signora del gran luogo inferiore” è la dea-sorella, la parte oscura di Inanna, la sua ombra, il suo completamento. Insieme formano il bipolarismo della grande Dea. Infatti, Dumuzi, dio della fertilità, per sei mesi si unisce con Inanna che rappresenta la potenza della generazione. Per altri sei mesi con Ereshkigal, il letargo invernale, il succedersi delle stagioni, dei frutti della terra, delle messi per Dumuzi.
Non è certo il perché Inanna scenda nell’oltretomba.
Forse per curiosità o più probabilmente per una ricerca interiore rivolta verso il suo io. In questo caso la parte oscura, un cammino istintivo e a volte distruttivo che possa permettere il raggiungimento dell’equilibrio e della completezza interna. Inanna, accompagnata dalla sua ancella Ninshubur, intraprese così il suo viaggio verso il mondo dell’oltretomba.
Giunta al primo dei sette cancelli fu fermata da Neti, il custode, che le chiese quale fosse la ragione della sua visita.
Inanna spiegò che si era recava a porgere le condoglianze a sua sorella Ereshkigal, per la morte del marito Gugalanna. E’ da notare come Inanna scenda fin nell’oltretomba per cercare sua sorella, che altri non è, come già detto, la sua parte oscura.
Un viaggio in realtà che può essere interpretato come un moderno percorso alla ricerca di sé stessi. Neti chiede ad Inanna di rinunciare a tutti i suoi beni terreni, lasciando ad ogni cancello un gioiello o un vestito. La dea obbedì finché non si trovò, nuda, al cospetto della sorella Ereshkigal, dea della morte, e degli Annunaki, i giudici degli inferi.
Nuda senza barriere, l’”io” esposto al giudizio, fragile e indifesa alla ricerca di quella parte oscura che è dentro tutti noi e che in pochi hanno il coraggio di guardare e di comprendere.
Ereshkigal, i lunghi capelli neri, si volta, la osserva. Con i suoi occhi di pietra le sottrae la vitalità. Inanna rimane così per tre giorni e per tre notti nel regno della morte.
Secondo un’altra versione sono i giudici degli inferi che la condannano a morte.
Ninshubur, la fidata ancella, corre a chiedere aiuto al dio Enki, che modella due creature, né maschio né femmina: il Kurgarra e il Galatur. Essi immediatamente scendono negli inferi e con moine e dolcezze riescono a circuire Ereshkigal, finché ella irretita da tante lusinghe non promette loro qualsiasi cosa le chiederanno.
Riottenuto il cadavere di Inanna aspergendolo con l’acqua della vita lo fanno risorgere, tuttavia la dea non può abbandonare gli inferi senza prima lasciare qualcuno che la sostituisca. Ninshubur le propone come scambio di lasciare i suoi due figli Shara e Lulal. La dea rifiuta fermamente di condannarli a morte , che durante il periodo della sua permanenza nell’oltretomba le sono rimaste fedeli.
Inanna viene allora condotta innanzi al suo quasi-sposo Damuzi, che incurante della sorte della dea siede sul trono, senza portare il lutto, anzi sfoggiando ricche vesti.
L’ira della dea non ha freni. Consegna il dio ai Galla, i demoni del destino, tuttavia Dumuzi, grazie all’aiuto del dio Uto, riesce a fuggire, ma molto presto viene ripreso e condotto negli inferi. Geshtinanna, sorella di Damuzi, va alla sua ricerca e tante sono le sue lacrime e tanta è la sua disperazione che Inanna, impietosita, accetta di accompagnarla.
Entrambe vagano a lungo prima che una mosca sacra sveli il luogo dove si trova Damuzi: in Arali, il confine tra il mondo degli uomini e gli inferi. La legge degli inferi è inesorabile, Dumuzi e Geshtinanna dovranno risiedere a turno nell’oltretomba per metà dell’anno.
Questo poema attraversa vari aspetti della psiche umana.
Il percorso obbligatorio per comprendere il proprio inconscio. Il confronto e l’elaborazione del dolore, necessario per poter cicatrizzare le ferite. La nudità che rappresenta la ferma determinazione nella ricerca della propria conoscenza, spogliandosi di tutte le barriere e il perdono, ottenuto solo dopo aver riconosciuto le proprie qualità negative.
Inanna è nota anche per aver sottratto, con un inganno, i Me ad Enki ed averli donati agli abitanti di Uruk, la città di cui era protettrice e dove si trovano famosi santuari a lei dedicati, facendo in modo che gli uomini potessero vivere in benessere e prosperità.
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