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MEDICINA ED ERBORISTERIA

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MEDIOEVO

Medicina ed Erboristeria

Le erbe sono state una delle forme principali di medicina medievale, ereditate da un sapere di tempi molto più antichi

Venivano usate sia dai medici di maggior prestigio al servizio delle classi più nobili, sia dai contadini e dalle classi sociali più basse che erano a conoscenza di alcuni rimedi medici di tradizione orale.

Purtroppo la realtà fu mescolata ad un alone di mistero e religione, che aleggiava nel corso di quei secoli. Così il sapere delle erbe medicinali fu in parte distorto.

Ad esempio molte delle proprietà delle erbe venivano ad esse attribuite solo per il colore della pianta o per la forma che mostravano.

In Italia, con il formarsi delle Università e delle corporazioni intorno al 1300, la scienza divenne un sapere intoccabile e nettamente distaccato dalle credenze popolari, segno della nascita di una nuova era. La corporazione degli speziali appariva come una farmacia le cui medicine erano prevalentemente a base di erbe e di unguenti.

Non solo nelle arti e nelle università si intraprendeva lo studio delle piante medicinali, ma anche nei monasteri. Infatti è grazie alla tradizione monastica che ci sono arrivati diversi erbari e da questi siamo potuti risalire alla loro sapienza vegetale, nonché medicinale.

I Monasteri attorno al XII secolo si espansero notevolmente in Europa, ricoprendo una sezione importante della cultura medievale. I monaci seguivano la vita dettata dal vangelo e di conseguenza la loro vita era caratterizzata da diversi punti essenziali: lo studio della Bibbia e la divulgazione religiosa per mezzo della copiatura meticolosa dei testi.

Era anche loro compito accogliere i poveri, i mendicanti e i malati.

Per questo possedevano grandi proprietà terriere coltivate, in quanto avevano l’ obbligo morale di sfamare una notevole quantità di uomini. Tra quei campi e orti, ne era presente uno solitamente posto accanto all’ infermeria: l’ orto destinato alla coltivazione delle piante che possedevano proprietà medicamentose.

In quel tempo, dove la malattia e la morte erano all’ ordine del giorno, malati e morenti di bassa condizione economica bussavano alle porte dei monasteri per ricevere cure gratuite. Grazie a scavi condotti in monasteri, sopratutto quelli della Gran Bretagna e del Galles, si è saputo che i monaci conoscevano e usufruivano le diverse proprietà curative di erbe esotiche come ad esempio il papavero da oppio o la canapa.

In un progetto della costruzione dell’ Abbazia di S. Gallo è indicato un appezzamento di terra, separato da un orto, situato vicino all’ infermeria e destinato alla coltura delle erbe medicinali. Sono inoltre indicate le comuni piante officinali tra le quali troviamo soprattutto gigli, rose, salvia, menta ecc..

Chiudendo brevemente questo ampio capitolo, riporto qui sotto alcune delle malattie più comuni e le relative cure a base di erbe medicinali. Si potranno quindi gustare sapori e aromi di un’ epoca indimenticabile e dal fascino ammalianti.

Tecniche di procedimento:

Infuso:
Consiste nel far bollire una certa quantità d’ acqua, e in seguito versarla entro pochi minuti in un recipiente dentro il quale è stata deposta in precedenza la pianta sminuzzata. Mescolare le erbe perché queste rilascino le prime sostanze. Coprire il recipiente per evitare la fuoriuscita di vapori. Lasciare il tutto in infusione per dieci o quindici minuti agitando a intervalli di tempo. In seguito filtrare l’ infuso. Bere in quantità ridotte(generalmente una tazzina da the), quando è ancora caldo.
NB: Il tempo di infusione influenzerà il colore, il gusto e ovviamente maggior sarà il tempo, maggiori saranno le proprietà medicinali. Il tempo verrà regolato a seconda dei gusti e delle necessità. E’ il procedimento indicato per erbe dagli aromi delicati (tiglio, camomilla e principalmente composte da fiori, foglie, gemme). In questo tipo di erbe saranno presenti principi attivi facilmente decomponibili al calore e al liquido.

Decotto: Consiste nel deporre le erbe in un recipiente d’acqua bollente, coprire il contenitore, e continuare l’ ebollizione a fuoco moderato, per circa quindici o venti minuti. Dopo la bollitura, si filtrerà attraverso un colino a maglie strette. Per avere un maggiore effetto del decotto, è consigliabile deporre le erbe nell’ acqua fredda, prima di metterle a contatto col fuoco. Il decotto viene sovente impiegato per liberare i principi attivi delle radici, di bacche e di prodotti di dura consistenza, i quali sono di difficile liberazione col calore. E’ consigliabile aggiungere una maggior quantità d’ acqua (tre cucchiai in più circa) per compensare la perdita del liquido che verrà rilasciata insieme ai vapori.

INDICE DELLE MALATTIE

Cefalea
La cefalea può essere una conseguenza di un affaticamento fisico, di un lavoro intellettuale intenso, di uno stress emotivo etc…
Cefalee dovute a problemi nervosi
– Betonica:
Le sue proprietà medicamentose l’ hanno resa famosa e largamente usata nei tempi passati. La Betonica può essere usata per le emicranie e per i catarri bronchiali, problema assai frequente nell’ epoca medievale.
Modalità d’impiego: un infuso di 2 grammi di foglie di betonica in 100 ml di acqua.
– Valeriana: Di questa pianta è utilizzabile il rizoma (fusto sotterrane che scorre parallelo al terreno) che ha ottime proprietà sedative, nevralgiche etc…Molto usata in erboristeria, questa pianta è frequente nelle zone umide, nei boschi, nella zona montuosa e nella regione costiera.
Modalità d’ impiego: versare una tazza d’ acqua fredda sopra due cucchiaini di rizoma tritato. Lasciare a contatto l’ acqua per otto ore e bere la pozione alla sera.
–Melissa: Pianta ricca di sostanze benefiche, ma deve essere usata con prudenza. E’ consigliabile farne un infuso con 0,5 grammi (Più o meno due cucchiaini) in 100ml di acqua (Una tazzina da the). Ha effetti veloci ed efficaci, tanto che veniva usato contro l’ epilessia.

Cefalea dovuta ad affaticamento da studio
Menta piperita: efficace contro le emicranie dovute ad affaticamento. Un infuso di 1-2 g di sommità fiorite in 100 ml di acqua. Una tazza dopo i pasti.
Elicriso: tipica macchia mediterranea, è considerata un antinevralgico che, oltre ad agire in caso di artriti e reumatismi, è ottimo in caso di emicrania. Si deve procedere con un decotto di 2 gr. d sommità fiorite in 100 ml di acqua. Si devono consumare due o tre tazzine al giorno.E’ efficace pure come tossifugo, e agisce all’ eliminazione del catarro bronchiale.
Altre piante indicate per curare la cefalea:
Lavanda, Sambuco, Girasole, Maggiorana, Elitoprio e molte altre ancora…

Contusioni

Sono lesioni dei tessuti dovuti a traumi violenti. La zona contusa è soggetta a lievi arrossamenti e leggeri gonfiori. Le piante medicinali indicate sono:
Arnica: è’ una pianta ben nota in erboristeria per le sue eccellenti proprietà. Nonostante in passato si facessero con quest’erba usi interni, si sconsiglia vivamente di ingerirne qualunque preparato in quanto tossica. L’ arnica è un eccellente pianta le cui preparazioni servono per ridurre le ecchimosi ed edemi provocati da forti contusioni e distorsioni. Modalità di preparazione: 10gr in 100 ml di alcol di 70° (a macero per circa una settimana) per uso esterno. Deve essere diluita per 5 volte in acqua e con tale preparazione deve essere posto sulla parte contusa o slogata con un impacco.
Alloro: è una pianta nota per le sue proprietà aromatiche in cucina. Contiene, inoltre, molte proprietà medicamentose che solitamente non sono conosciute. Oltre ad essere un buon digestivo ed espettorante, è un ottimo rimedio per i reumatismi e contusioni. Raccolte le sue bacche nere che, crescono verso il periodo di Ottobre-Novembre, se ne ricava una tintura oleosa ponendo 20 grammi di bacche in 100 ml di olio d’ oliva o di semi (a macero per 5 giorni). Frizionare con del cotone sulle parti dolenti.
Cren: è una pianta conosciuta sin dai tempi antichi con la quale già si attuavano i vari medicamenti che la radice di questa pianta offre. La polpa della radice fresca del cren, applicato con una garza sulle membra dolenti per 15 minuti, è ottima per reumatismi, sciatiche e contusioni.


Espettoranti della tosse

Altea
Pianta nota per le sue capacità emollienti ed espettoranti, l’ altea è da sempre stata impiegata nell’ arte medicamentosa. Le proprietà dell’ infuso delle radici d’ Altea (in alternativa è possibile usare le foglie e le sommità fiorite), sono, oltre a quello di placare la tosse, di alleviare le infiammazioni dell’ intestino, della gola e della bocca in generale. L’ infuso viene fatto con 2 grammi in 100 ml di acqua. Consumare due o tre tazzine a giorno.
Mugo: le sue principali caratteristiche sono balsamiche, espettoranti, antinfiammatorie e si estendono anche all’ apparato urinario. Preparare un infuso con 2 g di rami di mugo (I rametti terminali raccolti in primavera-estate) in 100 ml di acqua. Due o tre tazze al giorno.
Timo: è indicato per le persone affette da tosse. Viene suggerito un infuso di 1-2 g in 100 ml di acqua, dolcificato abbondantemente. Berne due o tre tazzine al giorno.
Mirto: viene utilizzato in infuso, con 1 g di foglie in 100 ml di acqua. Una o due tazzine al giorno.
Altre piante sono:
Viola mammola, Pino, Larice, Serpillo, Mirto, ecc…

Febbre

Agrifoglio: sia le foglie che la radice, hanno proprietà febbrifughe e antireumatiche. Si fa un decotto con 3 g di agrifoglio(radici o foglie) in 100 ml di acqua e se ne beve due o tre tazzine da tè al giorno.
Faggio: le foglie di quest’albero combattono efficacemente la febbre. Preparare un decotto di 3 g di foglie in una tazza da the. Consumare due tazzine al giorno.
Salice: fare un decotto con un cucchiaino di corteccia secca in una tazza d’ acqua, della durata di circa 1 minuto. Lasciare raffreddare per 15 minuti e consumarne due tazze al giorno.
Frassino: si prepara un decotto con la sua corteccia con 2 g in 100 ml di acqua. Bere tre tazze del decotto al giorno.
Altre piante:
Cardo mariano, Olmaria, Genziana, Marrubio ecc…

Insonnia

Melissa: (Vedere Cefalea). La pianta è un ottimo sedativo, nonché digestivo. E’ consigliata anche per il suo buon gusto, bere alla sera l’ infuso descritto in precedenza.
Luppolo: versare una tazza di acqua bollente su un cucchiaino di infiorescenze di luppolo e lasciare in infusione per 10-15 minuti. Bere una tazza prima di coricarsi.
Tiglio: oltre a favorire il sonno, il tiglio è un rimedio per la tosse. Si consiglia un infuso con 3-4 grammi di fiori e brattee in 100 ml di acqua. Bere due o tre tazze di infuso al giorno
Arancio dolce e amaro: viene fatto un infuso con i suoi fiori secchi: 2 in 100 ml di acqua. Da bere occasionalmente, favorisce il sonno e allieva l’ eccitazione nervosa.

Mal di denti

Chiodi di Garofano: per alleviare il dolore della carie dentaria si procede con un decotto di chiodi di garofano. Si fanno bollire i chiodi  in una tazza d’acqua per circa 10 minuti. Dopo aver fatto raffreddare si fanno diversi sciacqui col decotto. Altro rimedio, sempre con questa pianta, è lo schiacciare con il dente dolente un chiodo di garofano, il più forte possibile
Salvia: masticare una foglia di salvia,  pulisce e profuma l’alito.

Raffreddore:

Sambuco: usato nel settore della liquoreria, il sambuco ha ottime proprietà medicinali, che variano dalle antinevralgiche alle emollienti e balsamiche. Per il raffreddore si consiglia un infuso con 3 g di fiori di sambuco in 100 ml di acqua, da consumare due volte al giorno in una tazza. Efficace anche come diuretico, sudorifero, e antireumatico.
Pino: ha ottime proprietà espettoranti e balsamiche, quindi indicato per le bronchiti e per i raffreddori. Preparare un infuso di gemme, con 2 g in 100 ml di acqua. Da prendere 2 volte al giorno in tazzine.
Malva: preparare un infuso di fiori di malva con le dosi di 3g in 100 ml di acqua. Bere a piccoli sorsi due e tre volte al giorno. E’ ottimo per i raffreddori e per le costipazioni.
Eucalipto: è possibile eliminare i catarri dei bronchi, così pure della vescica e dell’ intestino. Si procede con un infuso con 2 grammi di foglie, in 100 ml d’acqua. Si consumano tre tazzine al giorno circa. Dolcificare in quanto il suo gusto è particolarmente amaro.

Iperico: per piaghe, ferite e scottature. Mettere circa 30 grammi di sommità fiorite di iperico in 100 ml di olio d’ oliva. Aggiungere 10 grammi di vino bianco e lasciare riposare in luogo soleggiato per due settimane. Alla fine dei 15 giorni, durante i quali avete agitato di tanto in tanto, filtrare ed ecco che è pronta la tintura. Frizionare con piccole dosi le parti ustionate o ferite.

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