MITOLOGIA GRECA
La Teogonia è un poema religioso e mitologico opera di Esiodo, in cui si raccontano la storia e la genealogia degli dei greci.
Si ritiene che sia stato scritto intorno all’anno 700 a.C. Nella Teogonia di Esiodo Gea fu la prima creatura nata dal Caos insieme a Tartaro (l’Oltretomba), la Notte, Erebo (l’oscurità) ed Eros (lo spirito dell’amore generativo).
Da Gea nacquero Urano (il cielo), Ponto (il mare) e le montagne.
Urano si unì alla madre e da loro nacquero i Titani e le Titanesse, tra cui Crono e Rea genitori di Zeus e dei suoi cinque fratelli; Oceano e Teti, divinità del gran fiume Oceano che circondava la terra.
Urano e Gea generarono anche i tre ciclopi Bronte, Sterope e Arge; i giganti centimani Cotto, Briareo e Gige. Dall’unione di Urano e Gea nacquero Emera (il giorno) e Etera (l’atmosfera superiore).
Urano odiava i Ciclopi e i Centimani e si rifiutò di lasciarli nascere respingendoli nel ventre della madre.
Gea devastata dal dolore e infuriata con Urano diede a suo figlio Crono un falcetto e lo spinse a castrare il padre. I genitali di Urano caddero dal mare e dalle gocce di sangue cadute sulla terra nacquero le Erinni, i Giganti e le Melie. Il membro di Urano, caduto in mare, giunse alla terra di Pafo a Cipro, dove dalla schiuma del mare nacque Afrodite dea dell’amore.
Ben presto Crono si rivelò tirannico tanto quanto il padre Urano, rinchiuse i Ciclopi e i Giganti Centimani nel Tartaro e mangiò i suoi figli ogni volta che Rea li partoriva. Il suo comportamento nasceva da un avvertimento dato Gea e da Urano: “uno dei figli generati da Rea gli avrebbe tolto il suo ruolo di re degli dei”. Nonostante questo Gea aiutò Rea a salvare l’ultimo dei figli, Zeus, e quando Crono si accinse a mangiarlo lo sostituì con una grande pietra e nascose il piccolo in una caverna a Creta.
Una volta cresciuto, Zeus alleandosi con alcuni Titani, preparò il suo attacco contro Crono.
Mentre Gea faceva in modo che quest’ultimo vomitasse gli altri suoi figli (Poseidone, Ade, Demetra, Estia ed Era), Zeus liberò i Ciclopi e i Giganti Centimani dal Tartaro, li armò con delle folgori e diede inizio ad una guerra che durò dieci anni. Zeus vittorioso imprigionò i Titani e suo padre nel Tartaro. Ciò offese Gea che considerava l’imprigionamento dei Titani un gesto eccessivo, quindi accoppiandosi con Tartaro diede alla luce Tifone e cercò di incitare i Giganti a ribellarsi contro Zeus.
La guerra che ne seguì è nota con il nome di Gigantomachia.
Gea creò un’erba il cui succo avrebbe reso i Giganti invincibili. Zeus provocò un’oscurità totale che coprì il luogo dov’era nascosta la pianta e la rubò, quindi aiutato dagli dei che si erano schierati al suo fianco, sconfisse i nemici e li costrinse a tornare alla terra dalla quale erano venuti.
Quando Gea sposò Meti, aiutò ugualmente Zeus avvertendolo che un figlio nato da quell’unione avrebbe preso il suo posto come re degli dei.
Zeus inghiottì Meti e più tardi partorì Atena. Gea presenziò alle nozze di Zeus ed Era e donò a quest’ultima le mele d’oro delle Esperidi.
Secondo la tradizione Gea, che spesso è associata alla divinazione, fondò l’oracolo di Delfi, originariamente dedicato al suo culto, lo trasmise poi a Temi che cedette i suoi diritti alla titanessa Febe che a sua volta li diede ad Apollo. Il serpente Pitone apparteneva a Gea, e quando Apollo lo uccise dovette ricompensarla per quell’assassinio fondando i Giochi Pitici e facendo in modo che fosse sempre una sacerdotessa, la Pizia, a servire il suo oracolo.
Gea proteggeva i giuramenti che venivano fatti in suo nome e puniva quelli che li rompevano mandando le Erinni a vendicarsi.
Si accoppiò con il figlio Ponto e da quest’unione nacquero divinità marine come Nereo, padre delle Nereidi. Diede alla luce molti altri figli, per esempio Echidna dall’unione con Tartaro; Erittonio da Efesto e secondo alcuni Trittolemo da Oceano.
Gea veniva adorata in tutta la Grecia.
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