PERIODO TOLEMAICO
Dopo la morte di Alessandro Magno, ebbe inizio la monarchia dei Lagidi, cosiddetti da Tolomeo figlio di Lago (Tolomeo I Sotere), che nel 305 a.C. assunse il titolo regale. Questa monarchia ebbe continuità e stabilità grazie alla posizione geograficamente isolata dell’Egitto.
Sia il ruolo religioso, il potere del re e le cerimonie rimasero le stesse di quelle del periodo faraonico.
La gerarchia nelle funzioni amministrative e nell’esercito erano complesse con un alto numero di dignitari di corte. Non ci fu mai una reale fusione del mondo ellenistico e di quello egizio, anzi le due culture vissero parallelamente senza mai unirsi.
Naukratis, Tolemaide ed Alessandria, diventarono città greche. Quest’ultima, fondata da Alessandro Magno, fu una grande metropoli capitale intellettuale della cultura ellenistica.
I Tolomei ebbero frequenti conflitti con le altre due grandi monarchie ellenistiche, la Macedonia e la Siria. I rapporti con Roma furono invece amichevoli, tanto che nel 273 a.C., Tolomeo II stipulò un trattato commerciale.
A Tolomeo I Lago, morto nel 283 a.C. , successe Tolomeo II detto il Filadelfo, il quale regnò sino al 246 combattendo contro Antioco I con alterni risultati. Furono le nozze della figlia Berenice con Antioco II che posero momentaneamente fine al conflitto siro-egiziano.
Tolomeo III Evergete I (246-221 a.C.) combattè contro Selenco II sinchè riuscì ad annettere all’Egitto la Cirenaica e assicurò al paese un periodo di pace e benessere.
Sotto Tolomeo IV Filopatore (221-205 a.C.) ebbe inizio la decadenza egizia, nonostante la vittoria di Rafia del 217 contro i Siriani e la conquista della Celesiria. Nel 203 i sovrani di Siria e Macedonia si allearono contro l’Egitto, minacciando anche Rodi e Pergamo, pertanto Tolomeo Attalo e i Rodiesi chiesero l’intervento romano.
Dopo la sconfitta di Filippo V di Macedonia ad opera dei Romani, nella battaglia di Cinocefale, Antioco III riuscì a riprendere la Celesina per la cui riconquista Tolomeo VI Filometore scatenò un’ulteriore guerra siriaca che terminò con la battaglia di Pelusio, vinta da Antioco IV nel 168.
Nel 163 scoppiò una diatriba tra Filometere e il fratello Tolomeo Fiscone, di cui approfittarono i Romani, intervenendo nella politica interna egizia e spartendo l’Egitto tra i due fratelli.
Quando Filometere morì, l’Egitto ritrovò la sua unità e una certa prosperità, ma solo passeggere.
Il I secolo a.C. segnò l’inizio della rapida decadenza egizia. Nel 96 la Cirenaica divenne dominio romano, lo stesso fu di Cipro nel 58. Nell’ 85 Tebe era stata distrutta da Tolomeo IX Sotere Latiro che mise fine così alla grande tradizione sacerdotale tebana.
Cleopatra, l’unica dei Tolomei che parlasse la lingua egiziana, si suicidò dopo la battaglia di Azio del 31 a.C., vinta da Ottaviano contro Antonio, si concluse così la monarchia dei Tolomei e l’ultima fase storica di un Egitto indipendente.
Le legioni di Ottaviano invasero l’Egitto che divenne una provincia romana, posta direttamente sotto l’autorità dell’imperatore rappresentato da un prefetto.
- Preistoria
Poche sono le testimonianze dell’età paleolitica. Reperti più abbondanti relativi alla fase mesolitica, si trovano a Helwan, Kom Ombo e nell’oasi di Laqeita - Periodo arcaico
Nel tardo periodo Gerziano (3100 ca. a.C.) si erano costituiti due regni, uno nell’Alto Egitto, che aveva come capitale la città di Hieraconpolis, e un altro nel Basso Egitto - Antico Regno
Comprende cinque secoli, durante i quali si succedettero quattro dinastie (dalla III alla VI). La capitale era Menfi, città fondata a Sud del delta già nel periodo periodo arcaico precedente. - Primo Periodo Intermedio
Con la VII dinastia iniziò il primo periodo intermedio, teatro di continue lotte interne le cui vicende sono abbastanza oscure. - Medio Regno
Sebbene il Medio Regno sia generalmente ritenuto comprensivo dell’intera XI dinastia, esso iniziò in realtà con la riunificazione del paese operata da Mentuhotep II - Secondo Periodo Intermedio
I sovrani della XIII dinastia furono più deboli dei loro predecessori, pur riuscendo a mantenere il controllo della Nubia e a gestire un’amministrazione centralizzata. - Nuovo Regno
Il Nuovo Regno fu il periodo più fiorente della storia egizia, grazie ai faraoni Ramessidi e al ribelle Akhenaton - La bassa epoca
L’Egitto conobbe un periodo di decadenza sia economica che politica e, pur continuando a svolgere un ruolo importante nel bacino del Mediterraneo, perse la sua egemonia sui paesi vicini. - Periodo Tolemaico
Dopo la morte di Alessandro Magno, ebbe inizio la monarchia dei Lagidi, cosiddetti da Tolomeo figlio di Lago (Tolomeo I Sotere), che nel 305 a.C. assunse il titolo regale - La riunificazione dell’Egitto
- La Nubia
Fu il punto cardine per i commerci e per gli scambi culturali tra il mondo africano e quello egizio. - Le dinastie saitiche
Durante il periodo libico (VIII secolo), i capi dei Libu e dei Mashawash unificarono intorno a Sais i nomoi del Delta occidentale, mentre il resto del Paese rimaneva diviso. - Le Dinastie dei Faraoni
[…] PERIODO TOLEMAICODopo la morte di Alessandro Magno, ebbe inizio la monarchia dei Lagidi, cosiddetti da Tolomeo figlio di Lago (Tolomeo I Sotere), che nel 305 a.C. assunse il titolo regale. […]
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