GUERRA DEL VIETNAM

Programma Phoenix
(Foto di Philip Jones Griffiths Magnum/Contrasto)
La donna e il bambino.
Villaggio di Quang Ngai, 1967
(Foto di Philip Jones Griffiths Magnum/Contrasto)
Alla fine del 1967, era ormai chiaro che la potenza di fuoco non sarebbe bastata per sconfiggere i viet cong.

Gli americani misero quindi a punto il programma Phoenix.

Robert Komer, direttore del Supporto per lo Sviluppo Rivoluzionario e le Operazioni Civili , raccomandò l’elaborazione di un programma congiunto tra il comando USA e la CIA.

L’obiettivo del programma chiamato ICEX , era la raccolta di informazioni nei villaggi, unificando le varie agenzie: la CIA e il Servizio Informazioni Militare Americano, più il Servizio Informazioni e l’Ufficio Speciale della Polizia sud vietnamita.

Nel 1968, la responsabilità del programma fu assunta formalmente dal governo di Saigon.

In teoria, i “consiglieri” americani avrebbero dovuto terminare la loro attività nel gennaio del 1969. In pratica due anni dopo c’erano ancora 600 militari americani e 50 consiglieri civili, tra il personale della Phoenix. La situazione non cambiò sino al disimpegno USA del 1972.

Scopo del programma era identificare i 70.000 membri dell’organizzazione viet cong che si riteneva operassero nei villaggi.

Le informazioni sui sospettati venivano raccolte e poi confrontate. Il governo sud vietnamita procedeva poi agli arresti, mentre i comitati di sicurezza provinciale trasferivano i sospetti viet cong verso vari centri di detenzione, oppure li deferivano ai tribunali militari.

Questa era solo una parte del programma Phonenix, che fungeva anche da contro terrorismo. Da una testimonianza del successore di Komer, William Colby, si evince che, tra il 1968 e il 1971, 17.000 viet cong ottennero l’amnistia, 28.000 furono catturati e circa 20.000 giustiziati sommariamente, cifra che nel febbraio del 1972 salì a 24.800

A causa dell’alto numero di esecuzioni e degli interventi delle Unità di Ricognizione Provinciali, il programma Phoenix fu accusato di essere un programma di massacro voluto dalla CIA.

Alcuni membri, dichiararono in seguito, che le uccisioni indiscriminate erano frequenti.

Frank Snepp, un agente della CIA, confessò:”Quando le prigioni diventarono troppo affollate, le squadre d’azione iniziarono le stragi. Una delle giustificazioni più spesse usate, fu che il terrorismo faceva parte della strategia viet cong”. Fu inoltre calcolato che i comunisti avrebbero giustiziato oltre 36.000 funzionari dei villaggi ed impiegati dal governo di Saigon nel periodo 1957 – 1972.

Ad onor del vero va detto che molti americani fecero del loro meglio per impedire gli omicidi.

William Colby ordinò:”Se un americano si accorge che qualcuno sta per essere assassinato, deve opporsi e farmelo sapere”.

Tuttavia il programma Phoenix continuò a produrre “liste nere” non controllate. Si vociferava che le stesse liste vennero usate dal presidente Thien per eliminare gli avversari politici. Uno dei punti più controversi consisteva nella natura dubbia di molte informazioni. Il governo di Saigon non era popolare tra i contadini che difficilmente erano disposti a trasformarsi in delatori.  

Alla fine si diede peso ad accuse provenienti da fonti non attendibili.

Accusati che volevano evitare la tortura, informatori che fornivano nomi in cambio di soldi. Spesso gli innocenti seguivano la stessa sorte dei colpevoli.

Non era un buon programma il Phoenix, lo si sapeva, ma continuava ad essere più comodo che affidarsi a zone di fuoco libero o ad inutili operazioni Search & Destroy contro un nemico invisibile.

L’incidente del Golfo del Tonchino
Il 6 agosto 1964 il Congresso degli Stati Uniti approvò la “Risoluzione del Golfo del Tonchino”, con la quale si autorizzava il presidente Lyndon Johnson a prendere tutte le misure necessarie per respingere gli attacchi contro le forze americane.

Imboscata nel Triangolo di Ferro
Agosto 1965 Le Truppe USA intraprendono le operazioni nel famoso Triangolo di Ferro, uno dei principali santuari del fronte di liberazione.

Napalm e Agente Arancio
I primi voli avevano a bordo piloti sud vietnamiti, e i Ranch Hand era considerati semplici “consiglieri” del programma Farm Gate, ma il comando da parte vietnamita era solo sulla carta e presto furono messi da parte.

Sentiero di Ho Chi Min
Fu un’impresa enorme, ma alla fine il Sentiero di Ho Chi Minh fu trasformato in una rete funzionale di collegamento tra Nord e Sud

Arruolamento
Impopolare, ingiusto e viziato da pregiudizi razziali. Questo fu il sistema d’arruolamento che mandò a combattere 2 milioni di americani.

Le truppe USA
Tra gennaio e dicembre del 1965, il numero dei soldati americani salì da 23.000 a 184.000 unità.

I nuovi arrivati
In Vietnam un soldato appena arrivato era trattato dal suo plotone come una non-persona da evitare finché non diventava come gli altri

Vietcong: la tattica
Anche se ben armati, i soldati americani erano letteralmente travolti dai viet cong che attaccavano in massa, si impossessavano delle armi e sparivano nuovamente nella boscaglia

Offensiva del Tet
Gli Stati Uniti erano in Vietnam, da circa tre anni. Perchè furono sorpresi dall’Offensiva del Tet?

Nasce la protesta pacifica
“Sono convinto che bombardare con il napalm i villaggi vietnamiti sia un atto immorale”

L’inferno di Khe Sahn
Quota 881Sud era una delle alture che sovrastavano la base di Khe Sanh, una collina dalle pendici ripide che s’ innalzava di 500m sopra le valli

Programma Phoenix
A causa dell’alto numero di esecuzioni il programma Phoenix fu accusato di essere un programma di massacro voluto dalla CIA. Alcuni membri dichiararono in seguito, che le uccisioni indiscriminate erano frequenti.

Operazione Starlite
L’Operazione Starlite, 18 agosto 1965, fu il primo impegno importante degli Stati Uniti in Vietnam

Operazione Ivory Coast
Il 21 Novembre 1970 una forza d’assalto americana attaccava un complesso militare nord-vietnamita per liberare dei prigionieri di guerra.

Medevac
Le missioni di evacuazione sanitaria seguivano tutte la stessa procedura. Veniva richiesto l’intervento di un elicottero “medevac” con una chiamata priorità-1

La mobilità aerea
La prima guerra combattuta da elicotteri, fu proprio quella del Vietnam

131 pensiero su “PROGRAMMA PHOENIX”
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