GUERRA DEL VIETNAM

Sentiero di Ho Chi Min

Quando nel 1959 i dirigenti di Hanoi, presero la decisione di appoggiare l’insurrezione del Sud, le comunicazioni stradali tra le due parti del Vietnam erano quasi inesistenti. C’era soltanto qualche sentiero sulle montagne e nella giungla, usati da secoli dalle tribù locali.

Per prima cosa, quindi, si doveva migliorare i collegamenti, creando un percorso che sostenesse il volume del traffico diretto al Sud.

In quello stesso anno iniziarono i lavori, quando fu inviata al Sud la prima colonna (il gruppo 559) con i rifornimenti destinati all’FNL. Ogni giorno, alla fine della marcia, un piccolo gruppo restava indietro per allestire una stazione di sosta.

Capanne furono costruire nel fitto della giungla e preparati nascondigli per i rifornimenti, in modo che gli uomini che sarebbero transitati in seguito potessero ristorarsi e riposare.

Con il passare del tempo, alcune stazioni (una dozzina in tutto) furono migliorate ed ampliate per poter offrire assistenza sanitaria, magazzini e aeree di riposo.

Molte avevano persino degli orti, in modo da poter aver dei rifornimenti alimentari, senza che gli uomini fossero costretti a portarsi il cibo durante il viaggio.

Proprio attorno a queste stazioni di sosta si sviluppò il Sentiero di Ho Chi Minh.

Le brigate giovanili avevano il compito di migliorare le piste esistenti e di costruirne altre, dopo il 1964 su alcune era possibile far transitare anche veicoli. Fu un lavoro duro, condotto in condizioni climatiche proibitive e su un territorio tormentato.

Sulle vette della Catena di Truong Son, i sentieri dovevano essere scavati nella roccia, lanciando fragili ponti attraverso profondi crepacci e impetuosi torrenti di montagna.

I rifornimenti erano trasportati sulle spalle o appesi alle biciclette dai portatori, nel 1965 fu possibile usare autocarri forniti dai sovietici e dai cinesi.

Furono quindi necessari altri lavori, le piste esistenti dovettero essere allargate e livellate. Vennero costruiti parcheggi opportunamente mimetizzati. Le brigate giovanili fornivano la manodopera ed erano aiutate da tecnici nord vietnamiti.

Fu un’impresa enorme, ma alla fine il Sentiero di Ho Chi Minh fu trasformato in una rete funzionale di collegamento tra Nord e Sud

L’incidente del Golfo del Tonchino
Il 6 agosto 1964 il Congresso degli Stati Uniti approvò la “Risoluzione del Golfo del Tonchino”, con la quale si autorizzava il presidente Lyndon Johnson a prendere tutte le misure necessarie per respingere gli attacchi contro le forze americane.

Imboscata nel Triangolo di Ferro
Agosto 1965 Le Truppe USA intraprendono le operazioni nel famoso Triangolo di Ferro, uno dei principali santuari del fronte di liberazione.

Napalm e Agente Arancio
I primi voli avevano a bordo piloti sud vietnamiti, e i Ranch Hand era considerati semplici “consiglieri” del programma Farm Gate, ma il comando da parte vietnamita era solo sulla carta e presto furono messi da parte.

Sentiero di Ho Chi Min
Fu un’impresa enorme, ma alla fine il Sentiero di Ho Chi Minh fu trasformato in una rete funzionale di collegamento tra Nord e Sud

Arruolamento
Impopolare, ingiusto e viziato da pregiudizi razziali. Questo fu il sistema d’arruolamento che mandò a combattere 2 milioni di americani.

Le truppe USA
Tra gennaio e dicembre del 1965, il numero dei soldati americani salì da 23.000 a 184.000 unità.

I nuovi arrivati
In Vietnam un soldato appena arrivato era trattato dal suo plotone come una non-persona da evitare finché non diventava come gli altri

Vietcong: la tattica
Anche se ben armati, i soldati americani erano letteralmente travolti dai viet cong che attaccavano in massa, si impossessavano delle armi e sparivano nuovamente nella boscaglia

Offensiva del Tet
Gli Stati Uniti erano in Vietnam, da circa tre anni. Perchè furono sorpresi dall’Offensiva del Tet?

Nasce la protesta pacifica
“Sono convinto che bombardare con il napalm i villaggi vietnamiti sia un atto immorale”

L’inferno di Khe Sahn
Quota 881Sud era una delle alture che sovrastavano la base di Khe Sanh, una collina dalle pendici ripide che s’ innalzava di 500m sopra le valli

Programma Phoenix
A causa dell’alto numero di esecuzioni il programma Phoenix fu accusato di essere un programma di massacro voluto dalla CIA. Alcuni membri dichiararono in seguito, che le uccisioni indiscriminate erano frequenti.

Operazione Starlite
L’Operazione Starlite, 18 agosto 1965, fu il primo impegno importante degli Stati Uniti in Vietnam

Operazione Ivory Coast
Il 21 Novembre 1970 una forza d’assalto americana attaccava un complesso militare nord-vietnamita per liberare dei prigionieri di guerra.

Medevac
Le missioni di evacuazione sanitaria seguivano tutte la stessa procedura. Veniva richiesto l’intervento di un elicottero “medevac” con una chiamata priorità-1

La mobilità aerea
La prima guerra combattuta da elicotteri, fu proprio quella del Vietnam

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